Allergies and wine: glycoproteins
While sulfites cause a severe allergic reaction in a small number of wine drinkers, one of the puzzles of wine consumption has been what causes headaches (aside from drinking too much). As we have discussed before, histamines that naturally occur in wine could be a cause of some allergic reactions. Now there is something else to consider: glycoproteins!
These proteins, fused with sugars, occur in other fruits such as bananas, tomatoes, and kiwis. And they have been connected to other allergies. Now, a research led by Giuseppe Palmisano of the University of Southern Denmark and published in the Journal of Proteome Research has identified the types of glycoproteins in wine. Here’s how The Economist summed it up for lay people:
To do so he started with a cheeky little chardonnay, treated it with ice-cold trichloroacetic acid and ethanol to precipitate any glycoproteins, then digested those glycoproteins into smaller molecules called peptides that can be analysed by mass spectroscopy. He screened the results against a database of known allergenic proteins. Three stood out. One is similar to allergenic proteins found in latex and pears. Another looks like a second latex protein and an olive protein, both known allergens. The third resembles one of the most rampant allergens of them all, a ragweed protein that causes hay fever.
It’s worth noting that there are likely to be big differences in glycoprotein sequences among wines and that this research was performed on only one wine, a “Chardonnay white wine” as the paper describes it. Further, it was a young wine with the analyses performed within a month of the wine’s “production…to avoid any protein loss.” Asked via email why he chose that particular wine, Palmisano replied “it was the wine we had at that time so we could immediately start the study.”
Once the glycoproteins in a wine are identified, could they be removed to make the wine “allergy-free” as several media accounts have claimed? Palmisano writes via email: “The drawback is that the taste and aroma could be affected by this removal, so it is important to understand how the environment will change upon removal of these compounds.”
More research is clearly needed in this area. Palmisano has no plans for clinical trials.
On November 26th, 2010 at 5:55 pm ,John Kelly wrote:
Well done, Tyler! Very clear analysis. I’ve never heard of anyone getting a headache from latex or pears, but the ragweed connection is of interest as it suggests a direction of future research.
On November 29th, 2010 at 4:46 pm ,Daniel wrote:
I have probably talked to 10,000 people over the years who have asked for “no sulfiite wines” because they get headaches, at which point I tell them that it is highly unlikely they are allergic to sulfite, as there are more sulfites in Orange Juice, Tortillas and bagged Salads than a typical bottle.
This is great research, but a little lacking. I’d be more interested in research on a red wine, as red has more of what makes wine, well, wine. White wine doesn’t usually have any skin contact, and there is so much more going on in the skins than in the pulp of the berries.
I’ve heard of latex allergies, but never pears!
On December 1st, 2010 at 1:16 pm ,Jarrod H. wrote:
@Daniel – Hahaha! I love to hear that there are more sulfites in OJ, etc. than in a typical bottle of wine. SO many people use the sulfite allergy excuse, when in reality over consumption is obviously to blame…
On May 30th, 2012 at 5:19 am ,Wine writer wrote:
[…] Other symptoms blamed on wine sulphites range from nausea and vomiting to skin rashes, blocked sinuses and (yes) headaches, but increasingly it is believed that these are due to other wine-related allergies. Wines do, after all, contain histamines as well as glycoproteins with a cellular structure similar to common allergens (see a summary of recent scientific research here). […]